Webquest Part 3

Part A

1.  What virus is believed to have killed more people in history than any other infectious disease?
The smallpox virus is believed to killed more people than any other virus.

2.  Who developed the first vaccine (inoculation)?     In what year?     Against what virus?
Edward Jenner was the one who developed the inoculation in 1796.  It was against smallpox

3.  Vaccines work by injecting people with similar, weakened, or dead forms of a pathogen in order to increase immunity in the host. To create the first inoculation, Jenner infected his patient with what virus?    Did it work?
Jenner infected his patient with the cowpox virus and yes it did work even though it was very unethical the way he did it. 
4.  What body system helps you when a pathogen (virus or bacteria) invades the body? Your immune system helps you when a pathogen invades your body. 
5.  Describe in detail how a vaccine help your immune system to fight off pathogens?
A vaccine exposes your body to a less threatening version of the pathogen in the vaccine and your body then recognizes and quickly eliminates the pathogens counterpart if it were to ever invade your body. 

Part B

Similar-Pathogen Vaccine is the Smallpox Virus

You begin with another virus that is similar to the virus and yet different enough not to bring on the disease once it enters your body. 

Attenuated Vaccine is the Measles Virus

You need to alter these types of viruses so that they will invade cells in the body and use those cells to make copies of itself.  The virus must be similar to the original virus to stimulate an immune response but not so similar to bring on the disease. 

Killed Vaccine is the Polio Virus

You need to disable this viruses pathogen's replicating ability while trying to keep its shape and other characteristics intact so that your body will generate an immune response against the actual pathogen. 

Toxoid Vaccine is Tetanus

You need to condition the immune system to combat a toxin produced by that invading virus or bacteria. 

Subunit Vaccine is Hepatitis B

You just use a small portion of the pathogen in the vaccine, just to stimulate an immune response in the body. 

Naked-DNA Vaccine is HIV

You use a gene from a pathogen to generate an immune response. 

2.  Choose one type of vaccine that is the most interesting to you and complete the interactive instructions.  Summarize the steps you took to create the vaccine.
Similar Pathogen Vaccine: Smallpox
1. Collect fluid from pustules on the cow's udder
2. purify to isolate the viruses
3.Fill syringe with the purified virus
4.Can now use as a vaccine

Part C

1.  How many people die from rabies each year? (How many people every 10 minutes?)
Every year 55 thousand die that is one person every 10 minutes.
2.  What causes rabies? 
A Bullet shaped virus causes rabies. 
 
3.  Where is the rabies virus found?
Every where except Antarctica.
4.  What animals in North America can carry rabies (specific names)?
Raccoons, Skunks, bats, foxes, wolves, mongoose, dogs, and cats. 

5.  How does rabies spread?
Saliva is how rabies spread.
6.  What body system is affected with rabies?
Nervous system
7. Are rabies shot really horrible for people?  How are they given?
They don't hurt and they are given in your arm. 
8. What steps should you take to prevent rabies?
Always vaccinate your pets against rabies
Stay away from stray or wild animals

What Animals are most likely to be rabid?
Any animal that is not vaccinated but Most common are: Dogs, Foxes, Raccoons, Skunks, Bats

Describe rabies symptoms in humans. 
Start of Flu like then they go into hallucination, tingling at the wound site, you can't sleep, lots of salivating, you start to have respiratory problems, then heart problems, then you go into a coma, have paralysis and then die. 

How are acyclovir and herpes related?
Acyclovir is used to repress the herpes virus.

Webquest Part 2

For both the lytic and the lysogenic cycle the phage has to attach itself and inject its DNA into the host. Then in the lytic cycle the phages nucleic acid is replicated which makes the phages proteins produce more of themselves.  Then when they are ready the phage particles are released.  Then in the lysogenic cycle the phage's DNA is not replicated or transcribe so that means the DNA has to integrate into the host cell's genome.  Then the host cell can replicate while carrying the integrated phage genome.  But if these cells are exposed to ultraviolet light or to certain types of chemicals phage induction occurs and the DNA that was integrated enters the lytic cycle.

Webquest Part 1

1.       Who is credited with discovering the virus?

Robert Buist was the first person to see viruses, while doing a small pox experiment. 

2.       Is a virus a living thing?

Scientist are trying to figure if it is a living thing. 

3.       Viruses are incredibly small.  Why are we not able to see viruses with the compound light microscopes we use in the science lab?

You can not see viruses with a compound light mircroscope because they are smaller then a wave length of light. 

4.       What shapes do viruses assume?

Viruses come in a lot of different shapes but the most common are rods, crystals, cubes, spheres, filaments, and a tadpole shape. 

5.       How does a virus invade a host cell? 

They first attach themselves to the walls of a cell or a bacteria.  Then the virus's sheath contracts and drives its core through the cell wall.  Next the nucleic acid passes through the core into the host cell.  Then lastly, the first nucleic acid disappears and then hundreds of virions appear causing the cell to rupture, which lets all these copies start the cycle over again. 

6.

        

Bacteria and Health

Pathology

Pathology is the medical study of the nature and cause of disease.  It ranges from diagnostic testing and observing chronic diseases to genetic research and blood transfusion technologies.  It has been said that "Medicine Is Pathology." Pathology is used throughout all stages of life from pre-conception to post mortem. 

Exotoxins and Endotoxins

Exotoxins are usually secreted by bacteria.  They are usually proteins that stimulate a variety of host responses.  Exotoxins are usually secreted by living bacteria during growth.  Also virulent strains of bacteria do produce the toxin.  An example is tetanus and diphtheria.

Endotoxins are cell associated substances that are a structural component of bacteria.  They usually act in the vicinity of bacterial presence. They are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Some examples are Salmonella and E. Coli


Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health problem.  It occurs when strains of bacteria in the human body become resistant to antibiotics because of the improper use and abuse of antibiotics. Most physicians are prescribing antibiotics fro viral infections and most patients don't finish the full dosage so it might leave some bacteria alive and resistant to future antibiotic treatment.

Bacteria In History

Black Death(Plague)
The Plague wiped out complete villages in Europe in the 14th century.  Then it came to America in the twentieth century. It involves fleas, rodents, and humans.  The pest control was low at this time because of the time of hunger so desperate rats would go looking for food in the houses of people and die which made their fleas find a new victim. Also rats would travel on the ships and that's what brought it to America.  They tried different ways of getting rid of it like disinfection plans, which most of them made it spread faster because it brought rats out of hiding.   The plague still exists to this day but they can treat it with antibiotics but now there are resistant strains coming into play. 

Tuberculosis 
Tuberculosis has claimed many people throughout history but it reached epidemic proportion in North America during the 18th and 19th Century.  The first person to work with tuberculosis was Theophile Laennec.  Throughout years more people worked on it and then Clemens von Pirquet developed a skin test.  Then in the late 19th and early 20th century they developed the treatment for tuberculous.  The signs and symptoms of tuberculosis is bloody cough, fever, pallor, diarrhea, and swollen neck glands.  The way they treat TB is through antibiotics to kill the bacteria. TB is still found today.

1. http://www.rcpa.edu.au/pathology.htm
2.http://textbookofbacteriology.net/proteintoxins.html
3.http://www.acponline.org/patients_families/diseases_conditions/antibiotic_resistance/
4.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html
5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949809
6.http://www.news-medical.net/health/Tuberculosis-Treatment.aspx